Cardiovascular Programming Individuals With Cancer

Shiloh Sumrall EXS 218, Spring of 2015 Cardiovascular Programming; Individuals with Cancer Cancer is a complex disease, but its main components must be understood to properly program effective cardiovascular training with the client in mind. The creation process of cancer initiates when there is damage to an individual’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) within normal cells. This damage leads to the formation of cancer cells. In a healthy cell whose DNA is undamaged, the cell grows and divides in uniform fashion to replace damaged or dying cells. With the presence of damaged DNA, newly created cancer cells provide issue, for they do not grow and divide normally. Cancer cells rapidly grow, divide and spread uncontrollably; this is the primary†¦show more content†¦These processes eventually lead to a wide array of symptoms within the body that are important to understand for each client. Due to cancer including over 100 different diseases it can cause almost any type of symptom through both direct and indirect mechanisms. The American Cancer Society lists the following as general symptoms that if persist for a long period of time and worsen, might be indicative of the presence of cancer, unexplained weight loss, fever, fatigue, pain and skin changes such as itching, excessive hair growth, hyperpigmentation, jaundice and reddened skin. These symptoms, due to their wide variety, aren’t expected to solely lead to an individual diagnosis. Physicians can perform tests on DNA, RNA and cell proteins to determine if cancer is present within the body. After an individual discovers a sign that leads them to believe that cancerous cells are present within their body, an assessment of a biopsy is the most accurate and common procedure to determine the presence and type of cancer. A biopsy is a process in which a small sample of body tissue is removed and examined by an expert. These processes of detection lead to the declaration of cancer type and viable treatment plans. Treatment is often individualized to the unique situation present within the affected patient to create a more

The Homeless Sub Community Within The Larger Gainesville...

Homelessness is an ever-changing issue that affects its member’s lives financially, physically, emotionally, physiologically, and even mentally. It has the power to completely alter the social structure of one’s life, as well as their connections and their sense of community within a larger community (Bruhn, 2011). Oftentimes, the absence of opportunities to engage with ones chosen community including cultural connections, or individuals and institutions in one’s local neighborhood can result in a lack of social networks, a loss of community attachment, and an absence of social support and relationships with the local community. The purpose of this assignment was to interview three members of a sub-community that has been discussed in†¦show more content†¦According to research on the homeless population, a break in relationships with others, especially family members, is usually a contributing factor to ones homelessness (Bruhn, 2011). In addition, being new to the area, trying to afford a lifestyle of drug use, and having a criminal record, Interviewee 1 was unemployed and had no money to afford housing or any of his basic necessities. When asked how he would describe his connection to the community and its members, he responded with one, simple word- nonexistent. When asked why he felt a sense of nonexistence between himself and the community and its members, he mentioned the day to day interactions he experiences with those who are not homeless- those he described as being â€Å"unlike† him. Most of the people he encounters when walking down the street avoid eye contact and oftentimes start to walk faster when passing by him. When asked how that made him feel he stated he felt invisible and that he was an excluded person within the- someone who either did not exist or was viewed as not being on the same level as those around him. Today, one of the limitations in increasing our understanding of the homeless is our tendency to stereotype homeless individuals and generalize this stereotype so that they are considered a homogeneous category (Bruhn, 2011). We oftentimes make them seem as if they are a different species. In addition, not being a native of Gainesville and never having held a position in the

Global Strategy Issues of L’Oreal Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: What were the main issues LOral was facing in implementing its global strategy? Answer: LOreal was established in the year 1909; this company was established to produce synthetic hair dye from non-corrosive chemical components. The company decided to expand the business in the late 20s century and this is the reason the company acquired a soap producing company and later on the company started introducing shampoos and suntan lotions. Almost from the start, the company decided to expand the business in the foreign markets (Hrebiniak, 118). The company entered in European countries, North America, Brazil and other Latin American countries. At this point, the company showed that they are making the use of the global strategy. The global strategy is a process of expanding and competing in a globalised market. LOreal is implementing the global strategy so that they can expand their business across the world (Peng 3). The company was facing many issues while implementing the global strategy. One of the issues which are faced by the company while entering the Chinese market was distribution. At that time when the company thought to expand the business in China then they find very few markets in China. L'Oreal believes that supermarket is the primary outlet for the bulk of L'Oreal's product lines for its flagship brand. To reach the customer the brand decided to make the use of the departmental stores through which they can easily make the product available to the end users. These departmental stores made the Chinese people understand about the use of the cosmetic product in day to day life. The technique of providing the products through departmental stores opened the ways for the company to expand the business in Paris. The outcome of providing a product at department store made it difficult for a company to get success in the mass retail channel after the supermarket wave hit China. The company is expanding a business to enhance the profitability of the company but the company is facing difficulties in handling the more than 1000 SKUs. The company is manufacturing more than 6 billion product unity every year. These product units were pertained to some 50,000 different Stock keeping units and were produced in the 45 plants that company operates across the world. Handling the manufactured product is one of the issues faced by the company while implementing the global strategy. The company is testing and manufacturing the products at different places across the world, the main testing ground of the company in Brazil. The population of the different country consists of ethnic diversity and the biological differences that became a challenger in terms of the manufacturing of the product and the effectiveness. The products faced this challenge while launching the product in the new market (Daft 273). The company faced the competition with the local markets as well as with the international brand such as Maybelline, which is leading cosmetic firm that is providing the product availability at different places. This competition became an issue while implementing the global strategy (Hong, Hae-Jung, and Yves Doz 114-118). References Daft, Richard L. Organization theory and design. Cengage learning, 2015. Hong, Hae-Jung, and Yves Doz. "LOreal masters multiculturalism." Harvard Business Review 91.6 (2013): 114-118. Hrebiniak, Lawrence G. Making strategy work: Leading effective execution and change. FT Press, 2013. Peng, Mike W. Global strategy. Cengage learning, 2013.

Legality Of Abortion Essays (7249 words) - , Term Papers

Legality of Abortion Abortion must be a legal and attainable procedure for women throughout the United States. Abortion is a subject which easily fits into the themes of CORE 1. Abortion pertains to many issues which are involved in CORE 1. CORE 1 analyzes civil rights as well as equal treatment for women in America. Abortion challenges the civil rights of the mother and the fetus which she bears. To deny abortion is denying the mother certain civil rights, but if the fetus is considered a person, then the rights of the fetus are being denied by allowing abortion to be legal. Abortion has been an element of human life for centuries. It dates back to BC times. Ancient abortions usually consisted of mildly poisoning a pregnant mother. The poison was hoped to be just strong enough to kill the fetus, yet mild enough to keep the woman alive. Also, sometimes women would receive physical blows to their abdomen an effort to kill the fetus. Since both of these methods were very dangerous for women, infanticide was a much more popular form of abortion. Infanticide is grossly just the killing of the baby directly after birth (3 Gilbert). J. Gilbert, the author of an informative Texas state web-page, states that some time after 1750, a new procedure was introduced to abortion. The new procedure consisted of probing objects through the cervix and into the uterus of the women to accomplish the abortion (4 Gilbert). Laurence Tribe, author of Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes, states that the court case Roe v. Wade revolutionized the legality of abortion. The case set boundaries and regulations illustrating how much power the mother and state possess in deciding whether to abort a pregnancy (12 Tribe). During the past twenty-five years abortion has become one of the most debated controversies in the Unite States' history. The issues surrounding abortion strike questions based on ethics, morals, emotions, and law. There are many alternative perspectives from which people can approach the legality and morality of abortion. But basically there are pro-life people and pro-choice people. People who are pro-choice believe that women hold the right to abort a pregnancy, but people who are pro-life believe that abortion is wrong and unjust to the fetus. When pondering issues surrounding abortion, many questions come to mind. Is a fetus a human being? Is abortion physically and mentally safe for women? And finally, should abortion be legal? It is only after exploring these questions can a person justify their position on abortion. A major question which strikes at the heart of abortion legality and morality is: When is an embryo considered a life or human being? Many people argue that life begins at the point of conception. Bonnie Steinbock, an author who considers herself an expert on fetuses and their legal rights, says, Conception is the joining of the male and female sex cells which have twenty-three chromosomes each. The process of conception takes twelve hours, at which time the egg is completely fertilized and becomes known as a zygote. Distinct and unique characteristics of a person are determined at the time of conception. After the time of conception, until death, nothing will be added or removed from the genetic make-up of an individual (200 Steinbock). In other words, everything physically and chemically is determined shortly after the point of conception. Being alive means that an object grows, develops, and matures. A zygote, from the time of conception grows, develops parts of its body, and replaces its own dying cells. The heart of the zygote begins beating just eighteen days after conception (198 Steinbock). This is often well before the mother even realizes that she is pregnant. After three months, all of the fetus's organs are formed and all of the bodily systems are working. The fetus can swim, grasp a pointer, move freely in the womb, and excrete urine. If a doctor injects a sweet solution into the fluid surrounding the fetus, the fetus will swallow it because it likes the taste. If a bitter solution is injected, the fetus will realize the taste and quit swallowing (196 Steinbock). The previous examples are evidence enough that life begins at conception, or at the time the fetus's heart begins to beat. Others believe that the life of the fetus is just merely the life of the woman until the fetus is born. Those people who believe that life does not start until

The principles of the restorative justice and my indirect experience †Law Essay

The principles of the restorative justice and my indirect experience – Law Essay Free Online Research Papers The principles of the restorative justice and my indirect experience Law Essay Intro This paper is not only the summery of what I have learned from books and lectures in class, but also the presentation of what I have indirectly experienced in several years ago. First, I summarize what the restorative justice is and which differences it is in comparing with the retributive justice. Second, I summarize not only the problem of the retributive justice, but also the principles of the main themes of restorative justice; victims, offenders, and community. Finally, I describe my experience in related with the criminal justice and present my suggestion. Restorative Justice There are several basic theories regarding the criminal justice: the retributive justice, the restorative justice, psychiatric imprisonment (therapeutic interventions) , transformative justice. The restorative justice is the alternative way of the retributive justice which has a lot of problems. The main concern of the retributive justice is fixing blame, or establishing guilt, and who hold responsible for such crime. There are three central criticisms of the retributive justice. First, this system is too backward-looking or oriented toward past; it is too fixated with addressing the past and insufficiently focused on the future. Second, the enormous hardship and stigma we place on those found legally guilty influences many perpetrators of crime to deny guilty. Third, the individualistic conception of blame which tends to be expressed through the retributive justice is so at odds with the way most offenders evaluate their own conduct that it stands little chance of influencing them t o accept accountability. The restorative justice assumes that the victim or their heirs or neighbors can be in some way restored to a condition just as good as before the criminal incident. Substantially it builds on traditions in common law and tort law that require all who commit wrong to be penalized. In recent time these penalties that the restorative justice advocates have included community service, restitution, and alternatives to imprisonment that keep the offender active in the community, and re-socialized him into society. Victims When we are under attack by those who wear black mask with knife, we are paralyzed initially, unable to act, move. It called â€Å"frozen-fear compliance.† After being in â€Å"impact† phase, victims are in â€Å"recoil† phrase, and got anger. During the weeks following the attack, victims tried to find the way of overcoming his or her situation. Otherwise, their family or friends do not want to talk with the crime or hesitate to remember the crime and the offenders. In order to surmount the memories of the crime, victims try to find a wrong way, such as drugs and alcohol. They are in traumatic situation. Why are victims so traumatic? The violations break the world view and the personality of victims. Victims must be recovered from the horrible situation. How could victims recover their lost faith toward world and human? In order to recover their life, victims need to move from the â€Å"recoil† phase to a â€Å"reorganization† phase, also they need to move from being victims to being survivors. Moreover, the needs of victims are the repayment which is much more than they lost. They need the answering or information why it happens, why them, and why victims have to do in such situation. Victims should have chance to express their emotions and have to be empowered. Finally, they must experience justice. Moreover, the proponents of the restorative justice suggest that victims should involve in the criminal justice process so that they can be reformed. â€Å"Such reforms provide victims with an opportunity to explain how the crime has affected them materially and psychologically and to express their feelings in the justice process, and they also empower victims.† Can the punishment of offenders in the retributive justice system make victims recover their life and faith? It is very important issue of the crime justice that the punishment can effectively recover victims and offenders or make it worse. The Punishment of offenders in the retributive justice system is not always an adequate decision for victims. Punishment may sometimes prevent healing. Some victims not only worry about the revenge of offenders or their associates, but also feel responsible for offenders’ punishment and experience guilt. On the other hand, in the punitive system, the process of conviction is taken so long that offenders can easily have a chance to escape from punishment by employing lawyer without any repayment. Because of these problems, the proponents of the restorative justice are straining to find an alternative way of punishment system. Offenders When offenders stand trial and serve their term in prison, what happen to them? In trial, they are bystanders. They can not easily involve in the process of the conviction. In the prison, they can not learn what is expected such as human value, love, endurance, mercy, and so on. They misunderstand that violence is a normal thing, a solving method of problem, and a survival tool. Moreover, they become physical and sexual victims. Finally, they are unfortunately convinced that the violence is the basic need of life. It is the way of the survival in the oppressed prison. They dehumanize themselves, rebel against others, and become devious persons. In short, they become worse criminals or those who have more highly possibility to be offenders. If so, what are offenders expected to learn and have? What do they need to learn? Offenders need to learn that he is someone of worth, that he has the power and responsibility to make good choices. Offenders need to learn respect for others and their property. They need to learn to cope peacefully with frustration and conflict, the need coping skills. Moreover, offenders need to have accountability for their wrongdoing. They should not only know their doing is wrong but also be punished for their crime. As I said above, a punishment system does not work effectively. The punishment should not only let offenders find out their wrongdoing but also prohibit offenders from committing an error again. Otherwise, recently, the system of punishment can not complete its own aim. On the contrary, the punishment system makes offenders become victims. Community There are two reasons why community is very important for the process of the restorative justice; â€Å"first, the offender’s community is the entity with the most power to influence the offender to repair the harm he or she has caused and to refrain from further anti-social behavior and also an entity which can provide support which offenders will need in their efforts to go straight. Second, involving the community in the handling of criminal conflicts between its members is seen as a way of empowering communities.† My relatives’ story which I have indirectly experienced. Because I have no experience of the criminal justice, I am going to write about the story of my relatives. Their family business is the rice package delivering like a pizza delivery. Father used to ride a motorcycle to delivery it. At that tragically day, he stopped at the pedestrian crossing with the rice package. Suddenly, the drunken driver drove his car toward him and crashed him. The bone of his right leg was broken pieces. After he went through an operation several times in a hospital, he finally becomes a lame person. The drunken driver was a poor 22 year-old young man. Accidentally, His father is a lame person too. He was subsidized by the government for living. This drunken driver was waiting to go to an army for performing his duty. After this accident, the offender was caught by police and was on trial. The judge sentenced the offender to one year at the prison. He can’t go to the army anymore , and his name was updated in the blacklists of the government. Because the offender had no insurance, the victim had to pay all the money charged for an operation. They had to sail his rice store for saving money. The family of victim not only lost a lot of money, but also incurred a lot of debts. In short, the victim lost his leg, money, house, and incurred debts, The court and community does not care about whether the victim lost his life or not. The family of the victim needs money to get over this tragedy. The court decided that the offender was to blame or repaid money. The offender had no money for repaying. Because he did not have enough money, he went to the jail. If this criminal justice was processed under the paradigm of the restorative justice, rather than the retributive justice, the different consequences would be happened. The first important point is what the needs of victim are; the charge for an operation, a medical fee, and the money to live on. If they are compensated enough money from the offender or the insurance company, they would not sell their family store and their house, and would not incur a lot of debts. Furthermore, in the restorative justice paradigm, the offender should work hard to earn the money, should give the victimized family enough money, and should help them to secure their livelihood, rather than just be gone to the prison. Besides, the community which let the drunken driver drive freely, which let the driver without a proper insurance drive freely, would recognize the accountability of this case. The community should support materially and mentally to revive their life and to survive in the money oriented soc iety. Conclusion I have researched the principle of the restorative justice in comparing with the retributive justice in the first part. In the second part, I have defined what victims’ needs are, what offenders’ needs are, and what community’s needs are. My relatives’ story which I have indirectly experienced is described in the third part. Furthermore, in the view of restorative justice paradigm, I suggest the alternative way of solving this particular case. Bibliography Cayley, David. The Expanding Prison. Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1998. Johnstone, Gerry. Restorative Justice. Devon: Willan Publishing, 2002. Zehr, Howard. Changing Lenses. 3rd ed. Scottdale: Herald Press, 2005. 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Levels and Scales of Measurement in Statistics

Levels and Scales of Measurement in Statistics Level of measurement refers to the particular way that a variable is measured within scientific research, and  scale of measurement refers to the particular tool that a researcher uses to sort the data in an organized way, depending on the level of measurement that they have selected. Choosing the level and scale of measurement are  important parts of the research design process  because they are necessary for systematized measuring and categorizing of data, and thus for analyzing it and drawing conclusions from it as well that are considered valid. Within science, there are four commonly used levels and scales of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. These were developed by  psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens, who wrote about them in a 1946 article in  Science, titled On the Theory of Scales of Measurement. Each level of measurement and its corresponding scale is able to measure one or more of the four properties of measurement, which include identity, magnitude, equal intervals, and a minimum value of zero. There is a hierarchy of these different levels of measurement. With the lower levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal), assumptions are typically less restrictive and data analyses are less sensitive. At each level of the hierarchy, the current level includes all the qualities of the one below it in addition to something new. In general, it is desirable to have higher levels of measurement (interval or ratio) rather than a lower one. Let’s examine each level of measurement and its corresponding scale in order from lowest to highest in the hierarchy. The Nominal Level and Scale A nominal scale is used to name the categories within the variables you use in your research. This kind of scale provides no ranking or ordering of values; it simply provides a name for each category within a variable so that you can track them among your data. Which is to say, it satisfies the measurement of identity, and identity alone. Common examples within sociology include the nominal tracking of  sex (male or female),  race  (white, Black, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, etc.),  and class  (poor, working class, middle class, upper class). Of course, there are many other variables one can measure on a nominal scale. The nominal level of measurement is also known as a categorical measure  and is considered qualitative in nature. When doing statistical research and using this level of measurement, one would use the mode, or the most commonly occurring value, as a  measure of central tendency. The Ordinal Level and Scale Ordinal scales are used when a researcher wants to measure something that is not easily quantified, like feelings or opinions. Within such a scale the different values for a variable are progressively ordered, which is what makes the scale useful and informative. It satisfies both the properties of identity and of magnitude. However, it is important to note that as such a scale is not quantifiable- the precise differences between the variable categories are unknowable. Within sociology, ordinal scales are commonly used to measure peoples views and opinions on social issues,  like racism  and sexism, or how important certain issues are to them in the context of a political election. For example, if a researcher wants to measure the extent to which a population believes that racism is a problem, they could ask a question like How big a problem is racism in our society today? and provide the following response options: its a big problem, it is somewhat a problem, it is a small problem, and racism is not a problem. When using this level and scale of measurement, it is the median which denotes central tendency. The Interval Level and Scale Unlike nominal and ordinal scales, an interval scale is a numeric one that allows for ordering of variables  and provides a precise, quantifiable understanding of the differences between them (the intervals between them). This means that it satisfies the three properties of identity, magnitude,  and  equal intervals. Age is a common variable that sociologists track using an interval scale, like 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. One can also turn non-interval, ordered variable categories into an interval scale to aid  statistical analysis. For example,  it is common to measure income as a range, like $0-$9,999; $10,000-$19,999; $20,000-$29,000, and so on. These ranges can be turned into intervals that reflect the increasing level of income, by using 1 to signal the lowest category, 2 the next, then 3, etc. Interval scales are especially useful because they not only allow for measuring the frequency and percentage of variable categories within our data, they also allow us to calculate the  mean, in addition to the median, mode. Importantly, with the interval level of measurement, one can also calculate  the standard deviation. The Ratio Level and Scale The ratio scale of measurement is nearly the same as the interval scale, however, it differs in that it has an absolute value of zero, and so it is the only scale that satisfies all four properties of measurement. A sociologist would use a ratio scale to measure actual earned income in a given year, not divided into categorical ranges, but ranging from $0 upward. Anything that can be measured from absolute zero can be measured with a ratio scale, like for example the number of children a person has, the  number of elections a person has voted in, or the  number of friends who are of a race different from the respondent. One can run all the statistical operations as can be done with the interval scale, and even more with the ratio scale. In fact, it is so called because one can create ratios and fractions from the data when one uses a ratio level of measurement and scale. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Polly Peck Fraud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Polly Peck Fraud - Essay Example However, in spite of all these efforts, fraud still exists all over the world as seen in the case of Polly Peck Fraud. More than 20 years ago, city funds and small financiers were surprised as one of the safest bets on the London Stock Exchange imploded. The share price of an international trading corporation, Polly Peck International (PPI), collapsed following raiding of its premises by the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) at the center of the empire constructed by Asil Nadir, its apparently outstanding chief (Casciani, 2008). Asil was a 71-year-old British citizen of Turkish-Cypriot origin. When he was arraigned to court, he protested his innocence but then ran away from the country asserting that he will not get a fair hearing. In 2010, 17 years later, he came back stating that he wanted to clear his name. Instead, a jury confirmed that he was a thief following a mammoth and sometimes a bewilderingly complex trial. According to Casciani (2008), Asil was found guilty of ten thefts from P olly Peck amounting to? 29 million, and he was cleared of an additional three lawsuits regarding approximately? 5 million. PPI was built by Asil Nadir out of very little. The rise of Asil in the 1980s started with an amazingly shrewd investment in a small textile company which he simply referred to as Polly Peck. He used Polly Peck as a means to construct a trading empire throughout Europe hence adding International to the Polly Peck along the way. Nadir and PPI possessed at the company’s height what was once one of the largest electronics companies in Europe, Del Monte- the global fruit brand, and leisure complexes and hotels. According to The Guardian (2012), he posted stratospheric profits each quarter hence everyone wanted a piece of PPI in the get-rich-quick environment of late 1980s Britain. As a result, PPI was worth ? 2 billion by the end of the decade hence, making it an FTSE 100 player. Some shareholders had observed returns of over 1,000 times their original stake although very few of them got out prior to crash down of PPI. One of Nadir’s plush management companies in Mayfair was raided by the Serious Fraud Office on September 19, 1990. The following day, PPI’s share price trailed in the middle of rumors and speculation. Nadir started to be investigated by the Serious Fraud Office by looking at allegations of insider dealing- a line of investigation that was dropped later. Instead, Serious Fraud Office asserted that it had obtained evidence that Asil had stolen millions of pounds that belonged to investors of PPI. Asil had a very high degree of control over finances of PPI him (The Guardian, 2012). He had authority to withdrawing or depositing money without obtaining a counter-signature from another director. The Guardian (2012) asserts that the jury was told by the prosecution that Asil, with the support of close confidants, used over 50 transfers to steal about? 151 million from PPI from August 1987 onward. While in the court , the businessmen agreed that the Asil instructed majority of transfers.  

Cell City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cell City - Essay Example Cells can be structurally divided into two groups i.e. the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. The basic difference between these two groups is that eukaryotes contain a nuclear membrane which surrounds the nucleus and the materials embedded in it whereas in prokaryotic cells the genetic material inside the nucleus is not surrounded by a membrane. The cells present in animals and plants are eukaryotic whereas the cells in bacteria, cyanobacteria, and mycoplasmas are prokaryotic. Organelles are part of cells which work together to complete the functions of the cells. As plant and animal cells are eukaryotic this essay would revolve around the eukaryotic cells only. The eukaryotic cells, in other words, have membrane-bounded organelles. Its constituents are the plasma membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Nucleus, Flagella, Cilia, Cell wall, Chloroplast, and vacuoles. The animal cells and plant cells have a difference of cell wall, vacuoles, and chloroplasts. The cell functions as a city to complete its functions. All the organelles work together just like in a city with collaboration so that the city is clean and everything goes on smoothly. These are the organelles of the cell which function together to produce qualitative results. The cell membrane is a very important structure which forms the outer covering of the cells. Its integrity and normal working are essential for the proper functioning of the human body as well as the carrying out of normal metabolic functions.... The main components of the cell membrane are the lipids and the proteins with the proteins forming a major component of the membrane. Fifty five percent of the cell membrane is constituted by proteins. That is for approximately fifty molecules of lipids, there is one protein molecule present. The proteins have a very important role to play in maintaining the shape of the cell membrane which is crucial for maintaining the form and working of the cell as well. Similarly in cities if these authorities let everyone enter the city then the integrity of the city can be put at stake. Proteins also have the ability to work as pumps for the passage of ions by the process of active transport which works against the normal diffusion gradient. They also act as carriers and work in moving substances by the process of facilitated diffusion which involves the movement of secondary substances in association with proteins for the purpose of transport. Glycolipids and glycoproteins also fulfill the fu nctions of the authorities in the city (1; 2; 7). Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a fluid like substance inside the cell which has many proteins, electrolytes and glucose. It has different organelles embedded in it which function together to perform the city functions. Cytoplasm in a real city can be referred to as the land where different authorities are working together. When someone builds places on the land then the spaces of the land become hidden to anyone’s view and the same happens with the cytoplasm in which the organelles take the role of the places built in the city (3; 5; 7). Endoplasmic Reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum is a broad vesicular structure which contains of the endoplasmic matrix. Substances

Health Promotion Essay Example for Free

Health Promotion Essay This essay will begin by discussing the different definitions of health that have been put forward, and will also discuss the necessity of health promoters to be able to understand why there are differing definitions of health and the importance of the difference in our understanding of what health means to the individual. There have been many definitions of health, which include phrases such as ‘absence of disease’, and ‘ability to cope’. The World Health Organisation (WHO) (1946) gave its definition of health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. However, it is very difficult to define health due to its complexity and broadness. Health and well-being can be described as the absence of physical illness, disease and mental distress. This is a negative definition of health and well-being, as it is impossible for a person to free from illness or disease. Health and well-being can also be described as the achievement and maintenance of physical fitness and mental stability. This is a positive definition of health and well-being or health and well-being as being a result of a combination of physical, social, intellectual and emotional factors. Stimson and Webb (1975) carried out research which suggested that people have their own private comments on their own ill health, compared to what they chose to tell their doctors. The research indicated that people did not always believe or accept the medical explanation given for their illness. The study suggests people hold their own views and hold their own explanations for ill health. (Doyal. L. at el. (1991) A Theory of Human Need. London. Macmillan) Health promoters have to collect a significant amount of information before they can put out a campaign on a particular disease. They have to look at health models and their approaches and even statistical information from CENSUS reports, death certificates, survey’s, and even General Practitioner (GP) records and so on. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defined health promotion as ‘enabling people to gain control over their lives’ (WHO 1986). There are four approaches to take in to consideration before putting together a health promotion campaign, and they are: The medical approach: this focuses on activity which aims to reduce morbidity and premature morbidity. Activity is targeted towards whole populations of high-risk groups. This kind of health promotion seeks to increase medical interventions which will prevent ill health and premature death. The medical approach is conceptualised around the absence of disease. It does not seek to promote positive health, for example ‘Smoking advertisement’, smoking adverts only advertise damage the body will develop through regular inhalation of tobacco. This kind of promotion can be criticised for ignoring the social and environmental dimensions of health. In addition, the medical approach encourages dependency on medical knowledge and removes health decisions from people concerned. The medical approach also relies on having an infrastructure capable of delivering screening or an immunisation programme. This includes trained personnel, equipment, laboratory facilities, and information systems which determine who is eligible for the procedure and record uptake rates. And in the case of immunisation, a vaccine which is effective and safe. The educational approach: the purpose of this approach is to provide knowledge and information, and to develop the necessary skills so that people can make their own informed choice regarding their health behaviour. The educational approach should be distinguished from a behaviour change approach, and that it does not set out to persuade or motivate change in a particular direction. However, this will be the service user’s voluntary choice, and it may not be the one the health promoter would prefer. The educational approach is based on a set of assumptions about the relationship between knowledge and behaviour: that by increasing knowledge, there will be a change in attitudes which may lead to a change in behaviour towards a healthier lifestyle. To provide educational information to clients regarding health and well-being, provisions would have to be put in place, through the following resources: leaflets, booklets, visual displays or one-to-one advice with their own GP. By providing these sources this may provide opportunities for people to share and explore their own attitudes towards health education. Empowerment: This approach helps people to identify their own concerns and gain the skills and confidence and for the person to act upon them. Social change: this approach recognises the importance of social-economic environment’s in determining health. Its focus is at the policy or environmental level, and the aim is to bring about changes in the physical, social and economic environment which will have the effect of promoting health. This approach will also look at social class, the promoter will take in to consideration people’s gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, working, unemployed and so on. Basically the social approach will look at theories that are linked to social class and determine whether or not, that poverty and low social class are the reasons for high mortality rates linked to a specific disease. This is when the promoter will now go away and put together his/her campaign. The Acheson Report (1998) shows that there is an existence of health inequalities and their association to social class, in this report there is data, even though there is a down fall in mortality, the superior classes take in to account more rapid mortality deterioration. Also The Black Report (1980) shows that there are higher levels of poverty in the lower class and higher death rates due to ill health, the higher social class live in a more advanced area which is much more suitable for living conditions, but in contrast to that, people who live in a higher class seem to live in the centre of a city which is much more prone to pollution. LO2 Whether we come from poverty, working class or a higher class background, there are many health influences all around us, for example the environment we live in can influence our health; for instance, living with a partner who is controlling can impact on the stability of mental health, living in a city centre can influence poor health due to pollution (inhalation of fumes from motor vehicles and fuel plants). Although living in a higher class society can have a positive effect on better healthcare, there are still factors of negative influences on health and well-being. Smoking, eating the wrong types of food, lack of exercise, no socialisation, alcohol, misuse of drugs, all these things can have an enormous negative effect on our health and well-being. However eating the correct foods (5 ADAY) and consuming the correct portion size as well as combining at least 30 minutes of physical activity a day can have a great deal of positive’s upon our lifestyle. For instance exercise is good for the brain as well as the body. According to NHS Choices (2013) ‘by eating five portions of fruit or vegetables and just 30 minutes of activity a day, will increase the secretion of Serotonin within our brains’. Serotonin is a hormone found in the brain, it influences our mood, sexual function, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, and some social behaviour. So we could say the more Serotonin we produce the healthier the brain becomes, which results in a happier you. LO3 For the third and final part of this essay I am going to talk about the political side of health promotion within the UK and take a look across the globe at other parts of the world. Health Promotion is everywhere we look, especially in the media. We see it every day in the news whether it be on the television or in the newspapers. Health Promoters plan and develop ways to help people to change their eating and exercise habits to improve their way of life. There are lots of Health Promoters today that campaign against unhealthy living. Health Promoters give you guidance to a healthier lifestyle whether it is help with eating habits, smoking, alcohol intake, oral health, physical activity and mental health. Each and every one of us will indulge ourselves in to a habit and put ourselves at risk of chronic diseases at some point in our lives. According to Dr Robert Beaglehole (2011) â€Å"The real tragedy is that more hasn’t been done to avoid this epidemic, as overweight and obesity, and their related chronic diseases, are largely preventable†. Approximately 80% of heart disease, stroke, type 2 Diabetes, and 40% of cancer could be avoided through healthy diet, regular physical activity and avoidance of tobacco use. † This is why Health Promotional campaigns are important, as it gives us a better outlook on life and can also expand our lives too (Huffington Post) 2011. Health promotion is an important element of the governments health agenda. On forming a new government, the new labour set public health policies in line with its health agenda. Out of this rose a new white paper Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation, which sets ambitious targets for life expectancy to be increased, and inequalities in health to be reduced. The Labour Government plan to achieve this through its public health policy in a third way (Connelly 1999). ‘Labours policies are aimed at strengthening communities, and encouraging individuals to seize opportunities and take responsibility for their action’. The Government hopes to improve the health of individuals by reducing health inequalities through health promotion. By doing so the Government will look at a range of different sources of information before they decide the need of a health promotion campaign. The Government have their own facilities to obtain information such as up to date statistical evidence via the website www. direct. gov/statistics . They can also obtain information from Registry Offices, such as marriage certificates, death certificates and birth certificates. By doing so, the Government will acquire accurate results to continue lobbying the new health promotion campaign needed to address the UK to improve quality of life. Before the campaign can be given the go ahead to become a final document, the Government have to look for ethical errors. For instance is the health promotion campaign fair to all people who are involved, meaning, does the campaign aim its information at all service users or is it aimed at a particular generation, gender, culture and so on. For a health care promotion to be respected it has to be aimed at everyone regardless of the persons background. By involving all service users, promoters can eliminate discrimination and visually display that equality and diversity are no longer an issue within our society especially in the health care sector.

The Great Work of Thomas Jefferson :: Politics Political Essays

The Great Work of Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was at the center of American history for more than half a century. He was a man of many talents, he was the author of the Declaration of Independence, and he was the third President of the United States. Thomas Jefferson had many talents. One of his talents was that he was an architectural engineer. With this talent he helped design many things like the city of Washington D.C., the University of Virginia, and his home called Monticello. He designed the rotunda for the University of Virginia library in 1821 (Greene 37). Another talent that he had was that he was a really good writer. Only Abraham Lincoln was equal in writing talents as Jefferson. It was said of Jefferson that he "could put words together and fashion them into a powerful weapon," (Greene 10). He also was a great educator. Jefferson would study fifteen hours every day when he was young, because learning was important to him, (Greene 11). He wanted people to have a chance to learn. So he started the University of Virginia. He planned the buildings and chose the teachers. He was known as the father of the University of Virginia, (Greene 40). He was one of the leading scientists of his day in America. He tried new ways of planting crops and raising animals, (Greene 37). He was one of the first farmers to grow tomatoes in the United States, (Greene 25). One of his other talents was that he was a creative inventor. He invented a machine that could write two copies of a letter at the same time. He invented a tiny elevator called a "dumbwaiter" to carry things up to his dining room from the basement. Jefferson also invented storm windows, a chair that turned, and much more, (Patterson 25). Jefferson was chairman of the committee to write the Declaration of Independence. He was asked by the other four members of the committee to write the first draft of the Declaration. When he wrote the Declaration of Independence, he wrote it with common words and phrases so all could understand the plain truth of his statements. He did not consult a book or pamphlet when writing it. Everything came straight from his mind and heart, (Patterson 36). He made many changes to the Declaration before he was happy with what he wrote. He was known throughout the colonies as a great writer on political issues.

What Influences Free Clinic Usage by the Uninsured

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